Description. One of the features of this type of microstrip is the coupling between lines. To use this tool, enter the values for. No matter what the case was, if you did not have an impedance calculator, you had to rely on measurements, or some other data set to get an accurate value for trace width in your PCB. That's why the numbers Mikrocontroller. Such a stripline is constructed with two traces referenced to the same reference planes above and below the traces with a dielectric material between them. Typical impedance tolerances are 10% and 7%, and can go as low as 5% or 2% in the extreme cases. The closer you place the pairs together, the differential impedance gets smaller because LM and CM get larger. 006” spacing. Instant online PCB quote, get PCBs for only $2. 3mm, as shown below: This increases the impedance slightly to 91. Differential Pair Impedance Calculator. Now it has only one narrow track/via for GND connection. 5 mil (2116 prepreg) or 8. ALTIUM DESIGNER For. Differential pair PCB design basics, covering differential signalling benefits, references, impedance control, inter- and intra-pair matching, and terminatio. I used the KiCAD PCB calculator, asked the PCB manufacturer about the tangent loss (0. I have no luck finding an asymmetric differential stripline impedance calculator online. Differential Stripline Impedance Calculator. Since stripline traces are typicallyThis is why the differential impedance of a differential pair is often (but not always) slightly lower than two times the single-ended impedance of an individual trace. High speed PCBs and signaling standards almost entirely use differential pairs with precise impedance. Select the Calculator button. Critical Signals (continued) Signal Name Description HDMI_DATA1x High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) differential data pair, positive or negativeFor example, the equation for the trace impedance in a differential pair of asymmetric striplines includes an approximation on the dielectric constant and geometry. Keep the spacing between the pair consistent. 2. Both LM and CM converge to zero as spacing goes to infinity. Several equations are. is the impedance between two differential pair signal traces. Anyone have suggestion of one? Thanks Alan . 11. Figure 2. For a printed circuit board (PCB) this is a pair of traces, also known as a differential pair. CSI-2 interface data pairs require a 100 ohm differential impedance. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. The controlled impedance method applies to any trace that handles high-speed or high-frequency signals. MX6 Design recommendations about 100 Ohms for differential pair is quite reasonable for FlexCAN. 3) to calculate trace width and. In some cases, we can also use 75-ohm differential impedance. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between them (see diagram below). Differential impedance, Z diff, is the impedance between the two conductors. Use that. Differential impedance: This is the impedance of a pair of transmission lines. 5oz inner copper, 8 mil trace spacing) and a target differential impedance of 100 ohms, JLC's calculator suggests a trace width of 8. The same applies to common mode impedance, except that common mode impedance arises under common mode driving. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. Re: Calculating Differential Impedance for USB Differential Pair. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. Eurocircuits also calculates the correct Differential Impedance values using the correct formula and not a ‘Rule of Thumb’ method. There is a slightly different, but tightly. This means that the channel dimensions of both FETs must be the same and that R 1 must equal R 2. PCB Trace Impedance Calculator; Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory. See moreThe Differential Pair Impedance Calculator simplifies the process of designing PCBs and high-speed communication systems, ensuring that signals are transmitted efficiently and. $egingroup$ @Bryce, whether the individual line's impedance is half the differential impedance depends on whether the pair is "strongly coupled" or "weakly coupled". . Reference: R. The differential pair impedance depends on the characteristic impedance and the spacing between each end of the differential pair. Single-ended signals are fairly straightforward. The differential skew is adjusted with a tiny blip on one line towards the bottom of this image. Track and gap widths are of concern in controlled impedance, but unless your speaker and mic connections (I assume audio frequencies) are going a long way you should not have any particular. look at a differential source driving a twisted pair to the FDA. As discussed previously, the lengths of the two lines in the pair must be the same length. By understanding the microstrip transmission line, designers can. To achieve impedance control, PCB design software with an integrated field solver can help in designing the right trace width for the HDI layer stack-up. 6. The differential skew is adjusted with a tiny blip on one line towards the bottom of this image. Differential pairs should be tightly coupled throughout their entire length, so try to avoid variations due to pads, vias, or components along the routing path. PCB manufacturer normally provides information about PCB stackup and track geometry. The differential pair is all about balance. To access the differential calculator, in the Primary Gap, Neck Gap, or +/- Tolerance cells, do the following steps: 4. Given the constrain of comparing the same differential impedance and the same line width, loosely coupled differential pairs have less cross talk. Just as important as determining an appropriate trace width for a single-ended trace is determination of an appropriate spacing between two traces in a differential pair. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. Just as important as determining an. Joined Jan 22, 2008 Messages 51,800 Helped 14,703 Reputation 29,682 Reaction score 13,944 Trophy points 1,393 LocationDifferential Pair Calculator The Differential Pair Calculator is used to perform what-if analysis to determine what values of Primary gap and width are needed to get specific differential and single line impedance. Differential Microstrip Impedance From Zo. INPUT DATA. Copper. The length difference between a differential pair should be limited to 5 mils maximum. These calculators give us essential trace spacing and differential pair spacing if needed. It is assumed that the output impedance of the. If the ratio is about 0. The reason for this is that the input impedance is what matters, and the input impedance at the via transition will look like the trace impedance (i. Using the KiCad Impedance Calculator. And since no return current flows through ground (or so it is assumed) then the terminating resisters are connected in series between Traces 1 and 2, and the correct terminating impedance is calculated as 2(Zo – Z12). Learn how to design. When you click on the track, you can see the length of skew. If you viewed the via impedance calculator article linked above, then you likely noticed that. The example below shows how adjusting the stitching via placement could affect a differential via. The ground plane helps keep the EMI localized and the trace impedance continuous. 331 1 2 5. 5mil trace + 4mil spacing - which is close to their absolute minimum). g. A twisted-pair cable is simply two wires that are twisted together so as to reduce radiated EMI (electromagneticinterference) and mitigate the effects of received EMI. This rule maintains the desired signal impedance. Visit to learn more about our other electrical engineering tools and resources. Differential pairs are very simple: they are composed of two traces, routed side-by-side, and that carry equal magnitude and opposite polarity signals on each trace. Its utility stems from its ability to. 6mm spacing with a trace width of 0. Reference layer. We will again use the formula method instead of the 2D field solver. 2) S/T > 5. g. g. The required Impedance Profile is selected in the applicable Routing Width design rule (for individual nets), or Differential Pairs Routing design rule. The questions are mostly on the inner layer differential impedance item [4] below. The program used to calculate the impedances, assumes that, in manufacture, the. Broadband Impedance Matching with Transformer; Ferrite Toroidal Coil (Amidon) Helical Coil Calculator; Impedance Calculator : XL, XC; Iron Powder Toroidal Coil (Amidon)They has confirmed me, that the used formulas are very simple formulas. For example, a single 0. This sets the single-ended impedance AND differential impedance to the target value, even if there is no. To use these to design for a target impedance, simply cycle through various geometric values for the trace width until the calculator returns the target. To calculate this, you need some values. 0 and CAN-FD might be slow enough to get away without it (and I'm honestly not sure, the performance will depend on the specific configuration), but if I were reviewing a layout with diff pairs without a ground reference I would be very unhappy with it. In microstrip, this technique is ideal for routing differential pairs. Differential pairs with vias and right-angle bends are acceptable. Try to keep all other high-speed traces at least 0. A twisted-pair cable is simply two wires that are twisted together so as to reduce radiated EMI (electromagneticinterference) and mitigate the effects of received EMI. An example of this calculation using the Si8000m Quick Solver is shown below in figure 4. Microstrip construction consists of a differential pair and a single reference layer (typically ground). The default units for all given values, except the subtrate. Ready to give CircuitStudio a try? Click here to get started: impedance. PCB Structures / Discrete Structures / Signal Management. Skin effect: The skin effect in a PCB trace, including coplanar waveguides, adds additional AC and DC resistance to the total impedance. A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components on a circuit board. In case I reduce the width and the distance of tracks to 0. Staff member. This release sees the introduction of the Simbeor® electromagnetic Signal Integrity engine. To explore the differential pair transmission line results, nominate the calculated variable - either the Trace Width or Trace Gap - by clicking the appropriate . Altium Designer makes it easy to calculate geometry when you need to calculate impedance for differential pairs. If, in addition to a differential impedance (Z Diff), you also need a defined Z 0, proceed as follows:. I am trying to design a CAN bus node. – Microstrip lines are either on the top or bottom layer of a PCB. Both LM and CM converge to zero as spacing goes to infinity. (2. Click here to see the user guide of our impedance calculator. You can define Min Line Spacing, Primary Gap, Primary Width, Neck Gap, Neck Width, + and – Tolerance as either a Physical or Electrical CSet. The impedance throughout the interconnect can be viewed by selecting the Impedance Vision option, which will again show a heat map with color-coded impedance values. This is good for routing space, but not so good for power delivery if there is a need for interplane capacitance. Board. The following options in the Options for PCB Project dialog are used to configure this:. The even mode impedance is simply the impedance of a single line when the two lines are driven. The twisted pair helps create a more uniform inductance and capacitance per unit length of wire to ensure a constant impedance, by keeping the return path as close to the signal as possible. 1mm (3. Differential pair routing. Impedance Calculators. The S50 Impedance. 120 Ohm Differential Pair: 0. Impedance Calculator - Sierra Circuits. Grounded Differential Coplanar Wave Guide. I believe the 100-ohm differential equates to 50-ohm single ended because you can think of the two 100-ohm impedances as being in parallel resulting in an effective 50-ohm single-ended equivalence. Using the KiCad Impedance Calculator. I use the software a lot to calculate impedance, maximum current for t. 4mils = 0. beammy. The return path between two pairs also creates some loop inductance, which can receive crosstalk as differential mode noise. The Smith Chart graphically maps S11=reflection coefficient= (ZL-Z0)/ (ZL+Z0) to Load Impedance (ZL), normalized to Z0 (source impedance = center of chart). 2. Figure 4. Now I'd like to get into this topic and the first task would be to create a ~ 10cm board to board interconnect flex PCB with 90 ohm (USB) and 100 ohm (LVDS) controlled impedance traces on it. Even mode impedance is defined as impedance of a single transmission line when the two lines in a pair are driven with a common mode signal (the same amplitude and the same polarity). The differential via design shown in Figure 2 was built and tested. The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. I am trying to design a USB circuit, where the signaling is over a differential pair D+ and D- and these two lines are required by the spec to have 90 ohms of differential impedance. PCB Impedance and Capacitance Calculator: Asymmetric Stripline. We get a lot of questions about trace impedance and how to calculate the right trace size to hit a specific impedance in a manufacturable PCB. Differential pairs are becoming common place in high speed design reducing. Try it now for free. High-quality circuit boards as prototype and series at reasonable prices. 1) isn’t overly complicated. Agilent's LineCalc tool calculates Z odd = 50. The ICD Stackup Planner calculates characteristic impedance plus edge coupled and broadside coupled differential impedance. Following equation or formula is used for Differential Microstrip Impedance Calculator. In the case where you are routing differential pairs, then the potential between the two pairs will always be opposing (i. ’ Go to the ‘Differential pair rules’ >> ‘New rule. Then Right click -> Create-> Differential pair. The differential pair impedance depends on the characteristic impedance and the spacing between each end of the differential pair. This is a lot of terms to calculate in a simulation!Hi, I am working on my board Stack-up to tune Single/Differential impedances of my board in Allegro PCB 16. To achieve this, I used the built-in Calculator in KiCad. 25, but gives me nice trace from the module to the stub then to microcontroller. infinite mutual impedance. Most of the dedicated TL tools doesn't have this option, only if you use a full EM simulator. Using the KiCad Impedance Calculator. A common approach is to create a net class or differential pair class that includes these nets, then create a routing rule that targets this class, as shown in the images below. e. (Differential Impedance, Ohms) = Note: 1oz = 1. 6), the impedance will be approximately 50 Ohms. D_P and D_N) KiCad looks for these suffix pairs when using the differential pair routing tool during PCB layout. So, strive to keep your traces short and far apart in high-speed design. Differential Stripline Impedance Calculator. Route differential pairs symmetrically and keep signals always parallel. 14 • What you should be able to do after this module 1. They will give very similar answers. So move to your left, use Omni's Cable impedance calculator and enjoy. This assumes ~0 trace thickness. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough estimation, the final values and the. When you have a USB you need to create differential pairs and KiCad ma. USB traces must be 90 Ohms differential. Tightly coupled pairs (within a pair) are quite common and this has the advantage of having a somewhat higher single ended impedance on a per track basis within a differential pair which is often easier to implement. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. It seems I could largely do without any impedance matching considerations, given what the trace lengths are. Fig 2b Equivalent. Incidentally, the trace thickness parameter does have a significant effect. Keeping the final. Simply put, differential impedance is the instantaneous impedance of a pair of transmission lines when two complimentary signals are transmitted with opposite polarity. Joined Jan 22, 2008 Messages 51,800 Helped 14,703 Reputation 29,682 Reaction score 13,944 Trophy points 1,393 LocationWhile there are a number of online calculators that calculate the characteristic impedance from the input geometry, they are all based on approximations. Let us now calculate the differential impedance. But in your differential pair, each line will have its own characteristic impedance, lower than 100 Ohms but higher than 50 Ohms (for instance a quick computing in Saturn PCB give me 77. One of the features of this type of microstrip is the coupling between lines. The definition of the controlled impedance for this configuration does not require a ground. Crosstalk Area. Length matching is required per segment, and any length added (typically a ‘serpentine’ section) for the sake of matching a pair should be added near the location where the mismatch occurs. 100 Ohm Differential Pair: 0. But practically (especially in a dense design like your example), they also interact with surrounding conductors, and the coplanar ground, or ground beneath a differential microstrip will affect the characteristic impedance. If I calculate it for embedded edge coupled differential pair, it is still only 39. For double termination, the source needs to provide R O = 50 Ω on each side for a 100-Ω differential output imped-ance, and the line needs to be terminated with R L = 100 Ω. g. Capacitance – the impedance calculator uses the Impedance value to calculate the capacitance per unit length. Don’t ignore ESD. Zo (diff) is calculated to be 244 ohms, so dividing by two yields a value of 122 ohms for the semi-coplanar structure. In some cases, we can also use 75-ohm differential impedance. The latter for embedded dual stripline layers only. The Smith Chart achieves this by superimposing a grid on S11 that maps load impedance. AC coupling capacitors can be positioned anywhere throughout the differential pair’s length. You can calculate it with the following equation: Z (z) = V (z)/I (z). The odd mode impedance is the impedance of one transmission line when the pair is driven differentially. Eurocircuits’ Impedance calculator uses real values as defined in the supplier’s data sheets. In differential pairs, each trace in the pair carries the same magnitude, but opposite polarity. Track and gap widths are of concern in controlled impedance, but unless your speaker and mic connections (I assume audio frequencies) are going a long way you should not have any particular requirement for controlled impedance. If your differential pair has 100 ohm (differential) characteristic impedance, you should just design the uncoupled parts of the lines to have 50 ohm (single-ended) characteristic impedance. Altium Designer makes it easy to calculate geometry when you need to calculate impedance for differential pairs. A value of Z Line = 100 Ω is common for twisted-pair cables. balanced), above a ground plane, have an impedance. 1 mm, therefore very small. I tried using different line width (10mils,15mils,20mils,25mils,30mils) of the differential pair but it doesn’t help me. In Altium Designer you can easily change the width of both of the differential pair tracks, but if you do so the gap of the diff pair changes depending on the change of the width. Twisted Pair Impedance. Two single-ended transmission lines with coupling are also known as a differential pair, as shown in Figure 5. 1. The differential pair is all about balance. Differential Impedance Ω. P/N De-skew Strategy on Differential Pairs. . 05 that is free software and very. D_P and D_N) KiCad looks for these suffix pairs when using the differential pair routing tool during PCB layout. Single Ended Impedance Ω. Also, be aware, 90 ohms is the differential impedance, the characteristic or single ended impedance will be more than half (ie. Select the same nets to analyze and run the simulation. These values are trace width, substrate heights, substrate dielectric, and trace thickness. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion. ALTIUM DESIGNER. A golf handicap calculation based on the score achieved for nine holes of golf. This application note provides a brief theoretical background to the impedance calculation methods used in the Polar Si series field solvers. 03) it gives me almost 160 Ohm - and even if use 53mil conductor height or. Twisted Pair Impedance (Transmission Line) Calculator. The rules shown below are a rough approximation, and you should always check the approximation using an impedance calculator or field solver. Using this calculator, I found 100 Ohms by giving 9 mils of track width, 5 mils of track separation, 8 mils of dielectric (prepregs usually have a dielectric constant of 3. 0075” spacing. Cross-hatched copper plane in a flex stack-up for controlled impedance. Actually the "odd impedance" is the correct impedance to look at for the USB requirement of 90 Ohms differential impedance. Figure 1. 004” line. Cross-hatched copper plane in a flex stack-up for controlled impedance. You will want to control impedance with smaller variations in gap. Our impedance calculator features two main types of impedance models, single-ended and differential, within each trace structure. transmitted across a twisted pair cable by a differential line driver and sensed at the far end by a. 5 mil wide traces with about 6 mils of gap between the traces. This will leave the rest of the signals which are rather non-critical like I2C, power good signals, etc. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. 5mm pitch. Use several of them and compare. Compatible with Flex PCBs and Turnkey PRO service. If R G = 402 W, we then need R T to be 114. For double termination, we want the source to provide R S = 50 W on each side for 100-W differential output impedance, and we want the input of the FDA to present a 100-W dif-ferential load. Finally, all calculators provide theoretical impedance values as they cannot take in to account the variables and. Note that the y-axis is on a logarithmic scale for clarity. A cheap unshielded laminated polyester FPC cable with 0. > There are a lot of impedance calculators on the web but none seem to match each other. Also, I tried the differential tools in KiCad, and I matched both pairs to the same length (otherwise, one track is about 6 mm longer). To update trace width, select the traces of interest and use the "Route > Retrace Selected" command. The stackup design is very crucial for the manufacturing of a controlled impedance PCB. Go to Route > click tune differential pair skew/phase > click on any of the track. The calculator shows 90 ohms can be achieved using. We recommend the software from Polar Instruments if you want to get exact impedance calculation. There is only one method I am aware of that gives any level of accuracy for differential via impedance calculations, and it starts from a calculation of the propagation delay through a pair of differential vias. The tool implements numerical solutions of Maxwell’s equations to render accurate and consistent results. Even and Odd Mode Impedance 3. Following is the list of useful converters and calculators. a BJT differential pair that voltage is infinite. To answer, Zac. This is a calculator used for determining the characteristic impedance of a microstrip. When examining coupled transmission lines for common-mode or differential driving, you either have to source two separate TDR/TDT signals on the two lines simultaneously, or you have to measure the even/odd mode impedances. Rule setup for differential pair (100 ohms) routing using Altium Designer. This slope resistance, in parallel with the collector resistor (Rc) dictates what the output resistance of the amplifier is. The two most common impedances. The grounded differential coplanar wave guide is the differential version of the grounded coplanar wave guide and is used in high-speed digital systems that require maximum noise immunity. Such a stripline is. In the time domain, we only care that the two ends of the differential pair cross the halfway transition between the HI and LOW states (assuming binary) at the same instant in time. In this study, Keysight’s Path Wave Advanced System Designer, ADS, which has an integrated 2D field solver, was used for the analysis of a virtual prototype. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. A differential pair should have a significant mutual impedance, at least similar to or smaller than the impedance of each line to ground. 5mil clearance on a 63 mil board (1. While the length and impedance are both important, 1mm of length differential will not affect your system's performance in any way, even for usb-2. SAVE & ACCEPT. In case you need to calculate single ended or differential pair impedance on your PCB, try following links: I use Microstrip & Stripline calculator developed by Jean Nicolle. We often say that PCB traces should simply have 50 Ohm impedance, but this becomes more complicated when dealing with coupling between differential pairs. 1<W/H<3. Ask the board manufacturer for the values. The impedance of each trace of the differential pair references to ground. Finally, all calculators provide theoretical impedance values as they cannot take in to account the variables. 6mm thick. Another example of using large distances to separate out unwanted components might be to calculate the impedance of a. Placing a Differential Pair directive on each pair net applies a parameter to the net,. The trace length calculator in Altium Designer provides PCB. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a broadside couple stripline (see diagram below). Let’s move onto another example. 1. The closer you place the pairs together, the differential impedance gets smaller because LM and CM get larger. 3. Even mode impedance for commonly-driven transmission lines . Against the two rows select the. 5mil (7628 prepreg) when tracks are inside. For an embedded (internal) microstrip, the formulas provided in paragraph 4. • Keep the intra-pair and inter-pair skew between the device and RJ45 to less than 50 and 600 mils. They will give very similar answers. This is the same reason we have to consider spacing between traces in differential pairs: the two conductors interact with each other to determine the odd-mode (and differential) impedance . e. The stackup on the left side of Figure 2. A web-based tool to calculate the impedance of your PCB traces and vias. Learn how to configure, define, and use your design’s impedance requirements for single-sided and differential on each layer, with Altium Designer’s Layer St. 25, but gives me nice trace from the module to the stub then to microcontroller. 3. Z 0 Differential impedance (Ω): Calculate. Click here to see the user guide of our impedance calculator. For now let us focus on the single ended impedance. 9. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. When we talk about single-ended transmission lines with coupling, we are usually interested in their single-ended properties like characteristic impedance (Zo), phase delay, and NEXT/FEXT relationships as described above. Note: Use the following guidelines when using two differential pairs: D = Distance between two differential pair signals; W = Width of a trace in a differential pair; S = Distance between the trace in a differential pair; and H = Dielectric height above the group plane. Hello! I'm trying to calculate the trace width for a differential pair (carrying MIPI CSI-2 signals), using JLC's impedance calculator. 1-11. If a different frequency is required, pick. This sheet has the FTDI chip which converts the input serial signal into a USB differential signal. Based on Zo Equation Per: IPC-D-317A:. The trace impedance calculators that design tools often provide can be used to. It is often said that differential pairs do not have a return path, which is not true. FWIW, the calculator I've used in the past is called Polar SI8000 which apparently has been superceded by Speedstack PCB. This makes the problem of determining impedance much more complex, and building an initial lossless model requires a larger set of formulas. The Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator uses the 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB transmission lines. The distance between the differential pair should be decided as per the stack-up design. To calculate this, you need some values. Edit: also, think ahead if you are going to use ground pours around the traces. Also, it has got. Schelkunoff in 1934, is a very convenient parameter for the prediction and control of EMI coupling through cable shields. If you need to use differential pairs, you simply define traces in each layer as differential pairs and the impedance calculator will determine the correct spacing between traces. Still, as you correctly analyzed it is much better to think of the individual lines in a differential pair as two length-matched single-ended lines, both with the half impedance. EEWeb offers a free online broadside coupled stripline impedance calculator. Note: valid for (w/h) from 0. But, you usually want some decent coupling between the traces, so a good single-ended impedance target for each trace is between. Edge-Coupled Microstrip. But there's a ground between R7 and R8!We get a lot of questions about trace impedance and how to calculate the right trace size to hit a specific impedance in a manufacturable PCB. There are a lot of online trace impedance calculators specifically designed for differential traces. This is more than the to times trace width which is recommended (also read as close as possibly). In the image below, I am comparing differential vias with merged. 5 mil (0. Download Saturn Pcb Design Toolkit. Only a 2D field solver can accurately calculate the differential impedance. Free!!! $5 Registration Link: link : on Setup -> Constraints > Electrical Constraints Set - > Differential Pair Value - > Calculator > If you put 10 in the Line Width, the calculator calculates the single ended as well as differential impedance. 5 (FR-4) ! even for Conductor/Plane layers. 3 Answers. If you don't have access to a differential impedance calculator, or you don't know how to calculate it, then just keep trace lengths less than 0. The characteristic impedance is given by: Eq. We get a lot of questions about trace impedance and how to calculate the right trace size to hit a specific impedance in a manufacturable PCB. User Interface. 8).